Types and Stages of Observational Learning and Memory

Types and Stages of empiric teaching and shopJurgita KairiukstieneThisessay will address aspects of psychology by exploring varied types and stages of observational learning and Memory.A mirror imageal LearningLearning is define as the process of acquiring knowledge through experience which leads to a unyielding change in behaviour (Huczynski Buchanan (2013), p.154)There are two different types of learning Observational and Associative learning.The concept of observational learning was unquestionable by Albert Bandura (1977, 1986 2000) to exclude trial-and-error method in learning. To compere two learnings, Associative learning is more tedious and more hazardous than Observational learning. Observes by observing whitethorn develop new behaviour and may have impact to previously learned behaviour.Learning by Observation contains four stages and processesAttention. Observers digest only learn if they net attention to a mentor or teacher. For example dancing classes. Atten dants moldiness observe and pay attention to teacher to learn how to dance.Retention. Observers must memorise information and throw in in to remembrance. In order to take next step must recall what was memorised before. For example learn how to use computer programs.Reproduction. Observes must reiterate another behaviour. But there is a limitation factor of natural abilities. Example may be that humans cant fly.Reinforcement. Observers will go through different stages and will be motivated to learn. According to Banduras (e.g. 1977) well-disposed learning theory, experiment on children by letting them watch television set and later motivate aggressive behaviour.This study has important implications for the effects of media ferocity on children. (http//www.simplypsychology.org/bobo-doll.html 24/02/2017, 1531)Memory is the faculty of the mind by which information is encoded, stored, and retrieved (Atkinson Shiffrin, 1968). Memory is the process of maintaining information over t ime. (Matlin, 2005)There is ternion Memory stagesEncode Visual ( belief), Acoustic (sound), Semantic (meaning)Store short-run memory or Long -term memoryRetrieve context-dependent (similar situation) or state-dependent (similar ruttish state)( diagram 1 source https//www.psychestudy.com/cognitive/memory/stages 24/02/2017 2244) distinguishable Memory types(Diagram 2 source http//www.human-memory.net/types.html 24/02/2017, 1730)Sensory memory. really short, if its not passed to short memory its lost. For example the memory of sound/picture/word is held for a second only. Interference may prevent of memory recall. Sensory memory can be Iconic or Echoic.Short-term/working memory is a step to a Long -term memory. It stems littler amount of information up to seven (+-2) units at once by a limited time, encodes information. By recalling an information we can hold it in the working memory. For example to memorise phone number we repeat it several times. But also it can be easily for gotten. slew surroundings and environment have an influence on working memory. long memory is more complicated. It holds information for a long time or for life-span and have unlimited capacity. There is three long-term memory systems periodic (e.g. experience, specific events like 5th birthday party),Semantic (facts, concepts, e.g. knowing that birds can fly)Procedural (e.g. skills, how to walk).Procedural is subcategory of Implicit memory (unconscious) and it uses past experience (e.g. musicians, in language development).Episodic and Semantic are subset of Declarative memory, which is a subset of apparent memory (conscious) and it holds facts and events that can be stored and consciously recalled(e.g. Learning to swim)In conclusion, Learning without Memory does not exist. ReferencesAtkinson, R. C., Shiffrin, R. M. (1968). Human memory A proposed system and its project processes. In The psychology of learning and motivation II Oxford, England Academic Press. inside10.1016/S007 9-7421(08)60422-3David A. Buchanan, Andrzej A. Huczynski. Organizational behaviour. 8th edition. Harlow, England Pearson (2013) p.154.Matlin, M. W. (2005). Cognition. Crawfordsville John Wiley Sons, Inc.http//www.simplypsychology.org/bobo-doll.html 24/02/2017, 1531Diagram 1 source https//www.psychestudy.com/cognitive/memory/stages 24/02/2017 2244Diagram 2 source http//www.human-memory.net/types.html 24/02/2017 1730