The Origins of Slavery essays

The Origins of Slavery essays Slavery was not preconceived, but it was inevitable. This can be seen by the accidents and coincidences that occurred in the early 17th century. When a Dutch trader had been blown off course, the first ship of African slaves arrived in 1619 by accident. After the arrival in 1619, it was cheaper to buy indentured servants. This resulted in the population of slaves growing slowly at first. But, as the number of indentured servants decreased, more slaves were needed in the colonies because there was a labor shortage. In the late 17th and early 18th centuries statutes were being written to deal with the growing number of slaves. Virginia's statutes illustrate this: All servants imported and brought into this country, by sea or land, who were not Christians in their native country, shall be accounted as slaves, and as such be here bought and sold... By the mid 18th century stereotypes were being created to rationalize slavery because slaves were present in every colony up and down the coast. Eventually rationalization led to a way of life for the English colonists. The gradual shift from indentured servants to slaves began when a Dutch slave trader exchanged his cargo of 20 Africans for food because he had been blown off course. The colonists did not have any slaves prior to this occurrence; all the colonists had in terms of alternative labor had been indentured servants. This resulted in the labeling of the Africans as indentured servants. It also meant that African slaves had the social status of a poor Englishman, and one day could eventually be free. At the same time in the Chesapeake, production was booming and the colonists in the Chesapeake couldn't get enough indentured servants no matter how fast they came over. This led to the supply of indentured servants drying up, and at the same time more slaves were becoming available. This happening left only on ...

How to Say Good Morning in French Correctly

How to Say Good Morning in French Correctly SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Who hasn’t dreamed of having breakfast in an adorable French cafe, dipping a croissant into a delicious coffee, and chatting with a new friend over pastries? Only- quelle horreur!- when you go to greet your friend, you suddenly can’t remember how to say â€Å"good morning† in French. In this article, we’ll cover not only how to say â€Å"good morning† in French, but how to address the greeting to different people, and even how to say goodbye. It's that easy! How Do You Say Good Morning in French? If you know anything in French or you’ve ever watched Beauty and the Beast, you probably know how to say hello: â€Å"Bonjour!† Well, good news- †Bonjour† is also the standard French way to say â€Å"good morning† In French, bonjour is pronounced bon-zhoor. The French ‘j’ sound, as it’s heard in bonjour, is a bit like sh in English crossed with the dg sound in â€Å"judge.† It’s not the expected â€Å"j† sound we have in English, so be sure you really listen to how it’s said before you accidentally greet somebody by saying, â€Å"Bone Jurr.† Literally translated, â€Å"bonjour† means â€Å"good day.† â€Å"Bon† is the French word for â€Å"good,† and â€Å"jour† is the French word for day. Generally, French people use bonjour as a greeting up until about six PM, at which point they switch to another greeting, covered below. However, though we might say â€Å"good day† to greet or say goodbye to people, it’s purely a greeting in French. We’ll cover the goodbye version below! There is another method of saying good morning in french: â€Å"bon matin,† pronounced bon mah-teen. However, though this is a literal translation of â€Å"good morning,† it is not typically used in France. It’s an Anglicization, or Anglicisme, that works as a literal translation but that isn’t commonly heard. However, bon matin may be heard more frequently in Quà ©bà ©cois French, the variety of French spoken in Canada. Generally speaking, bonjour is the standard method of saying â€Å"good morning.† But depending on where in the world you are, you may also be able to say bon matin! Interestingly, you generally want to say bonjour to someone once per day. The next time you see them, you should use a more informal greeting! Ahh, bonjour, mon ami. Personalizing â€Å"Bonjour† But maybe you have a specific person you want to say â€Å"good morning† to, or you want to get a little fancier. Bonjour is a simple greeting that can be adapted to a lot of different situations! If you want to be polite and you’re speaking to someone whose name you don’t know, you can greet them with â€Å"bonjour† and a title. French is a language with gendered nouns, so there are different forms of address for people depending on their gender: Madame is used to refer to married women, just as â€Å"Mrs.† would be used in English. It’s pronounced mah-dahm. Mademoiselle is used to refer to unmarried women, just like â€Å"Ms.† in English. It’s pronounced mah-dehm-wah-zell. Monsieur is used for men, just like â€Å"Mr.† in English, and is pronounced something like meuh-syeuh, with both syllables rhyming with â€Å"the.† These vowel sounds can be quite tricky for non-native French speakers to master, so spend some time listening to native French speakers saying it and imitate them. All of those words can be added to the word bonjour for a proper â€Å"good morning† greeting in French- †Bonjour Madame/Mademoiselle/Monsieur.† If you’re greeting a small group of people, you can greet them all by name: â€Å"Bonjour Isabelle! Bonjour Delphine! Bonjour Étienne!† But if you want to greet an audience, you probably can’t greet them all by name. In that case, you’d add the phrase tous to bonjour, changing it from an individual â€Å"hello† to â€Å"hello everyone!† Literally translated, tous means â€Å"to all.† It’s pronounced ah toos. But you can get even fancier, if you so desire. Because bonjour is such a flexible greeting, you can add all kinds of additions to it to make it more specific, such as: Phrase Meaning Pronunciation Mon amour My love Mohn ah-moor Ma chà ©rie My sweetheart/darling (to a woman) Mah shey-ree Mon chà ©r My sweetheart/darling (to a man) Mohn sher Ma belle My beautiful (to a woman) Mah bell Mon beau My handsome (to a man) Mohn boh Bonsoir, Paris How to Say Goodbye and Good Night in French Parting is such sweet sorrow- in French, you need a goodbye to match. â€Å"Au revoir,† pronounced oh rev-wahr, is the typical French goodbye. Literally translated, it means something close to, â€Å"Until I see you again.† You can say this any time of day in any kind of situation, formal or informal. Saying goodbye in the evening gets a little trickier. The literal French version of good evening, â€Å"bonsoir† is used as a greeting after about six PM. You don’t generally use bonsoir as somebody is leaving unless the situation is formal- instead, you’re more likely to say â€Å"bonne soirà ©e,† bohn swah-ray, which is the same phrase with feminine endings, when you’re wishing somebody a good evening as they or you are leaving. You also wouldn’t say â€Å"bonne nuit,† literally translating as â€Å"good night† and pronounced bohn nweet, unless the person is literally going to bed. In general, â€Å"au revoir† is a good all-purpose goodbye unless you’re looking for something more specific. In that case, one of these other goodbyes may suffice- just be certain you match the correct one to the situation, especially because regional differences may make one or the other more acceptable. Watch and listen to what other people do and follow their lead! What’s Next? Want to become a polyglot who excels in morning greetings? Check out this article on how to say good morning in Japanese! Considering making French your major in college? Read up on all the reasons a foreign language major is a great idea (and the reasons it may not be)! If you're still early in your language-learning career, check out this discussion of which foreign language you should take in high school! Have friends who also need help with test prep? Share this article! Tweet Melissa Brinks About the Author Melissa Brinks graduated from the University of Washington in 2014 with a Bachelor's in English with a creative writing emphasis. 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